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Extra resources for Functional Features in Language and Space: Insights from Perception, Categorization, and Development (Language and Space)

Example text

Here are three reasons why this sort of world knowledge does not help for these examples. First, in making up the scenarios, the experimenters intentionally tried to come up with novel situations in which people would not have had relevant specific experience (world knowledge). For example, in one scenario, a character uses Language is Grounded in Action 19 an upright vacuum cleaner as a coat rack (Afforded) or an electrical outlet as a coat rack (Non-afforded), and in another scenario a character stands on a tractor to be able to reach the top of a wall he is painting (Afforded) or stands on a hammer (Non-afforded).

Lakoff, 1987; Glenberg, 1997; Barsalou, 1999). There is abundant empirical support for the embodied nature of meaning derived from spatial language. People are able to form sophisticated spatial simulations when they read or learn verbal descriptions of environments. For instance, they can imagine that they reorient their point of view in an imaginary layout, and accurately locate object positions from each imaginary reorientation (Franklin and Tversky, 1990; de Vega, 1994; Maki and Marek, 1997), they can also take ‘mental walks’ using a protagonist’s perspective described by a text (Morrow, Greenspan, and Bower, 1987; Rinck and Bower, 1995; de Vega, 1995), and they can mentally scan a previously described map, by moving an imaginary spot at a remarkably constant speed (Denis and Cocude, 1992).

These participants responded no by moving from the middle button to one closer to the body. Participants in the Yes-is-near condition had the reverse assignment of buttons. That is, they moved to the button closer to the body to respond yes. A second variable was the type of sentence presented: Toward, Away, or Nonsense. Toward sentences, such as Scratch your head or Wipe the sweat off your brow, implied action toward the reader. Away sentences, such as Scratch your cat and Wipe the sweat off your bench, implied action away from the reader.

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