Lithium Niobate Crystals by Yu Kusminov PDF

By Yu Kusminov

ISBN-10: 0585173672

ISBN-13: 9780585173672

ISBN-10: 1898326304

ISBN-13: 9781898326304

Lithium niobate crystals have a couple of particular homes. Lithium niobate is even as a ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and has excessive nonlinearly optical and electro-optical coefficients and photorefractive sensitivity. those homes permit those crystals for use broadly in optical and acoustic units, and photorefractive sensitivity, better by means of doping with transitional metals, bargains new probabilities of utilizing lithium niobate as a recording holographic medium. those homes are decided through the crystal constitution of lithium niobate delicate to actual and chemical results. designated realization is given within the e-book to physico-chemical good points of expertise, disruption of stoichiometry in those crystals and detection of this disruption by way of actual equipment. whilst, the information and techniques proposed within the ebook can be utilized in know-how of alternative crystals.

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Additional resources for Lithium Niobate Crystals

Sample text

At 20 and 30 rpm, a concave surface with a large curvature appears. Inversion is transformed to opposite (changes the sign) if the rotation rate is reduced below the critical value. e. Nc is inversely proportional to diameter d. Figure 11 shows the typical pattern of inversion of the crystallization front of lithium niobate. For crystals with a diameter in the range 2-8 cm the critical rotation rate of the crystal under the experiment conditions (Trauth, Grabmaier, 1991) is described by the equation where Nc.

The fluctuations which are important for crystal growth are observed in the Page 14 immediate vicinity of the crystal-melt surface. 1) Nc is an essential condition for the formation of periodic temperature fluctuations below the crystal surface. Here Nc is the critical rotation rate of the crystal at which the forced convective flow reaches the edge of the crystal. As shown by Nikolov et al (1988), at N = Nc the crystal-melt surface becomes flat. The value of N,. is determined using the equation Simulation experiments show that the value of the Grashof number Gr has a strong effect on the maximum period of temperature fluctuations.

If N > Nc, upper forced convection takes place. As already mentioned, the form of the surface and its stability during crystal growth have a controlling effect on crystal quality. For example, if a crystal is conical, cracks, facets and dislocations can form quite easily because in this case it is difficult to ensure that the diameter of the growing crystal remains constant. It is therefore necessary to find a relationship between the parameters G, V and N in order to calculate the critical rotation rate of the crystal (Nc).

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Lithium Niobate Crystals by Yu Kusminov


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