By Aleksandr Nikolaevich Annenkov, Yurii Sergeevich Kuz'minov
ISBN-10: 1904602886
ISBN-13: 9781904602880
A particular booklet describing the develoment of structures for mass creation of lead tungstate crystals for high-energy physics experiments at CERN, Geneva. The houses of the crystals, features of progress gear and, specifically, quality controls of defined are defined intimately. The ebook may be of substantial curiosity to crystal development specialists and scientists operating within the region of high-energy physics.
Read Online or Download Mass growth of large PWO4 single crystals for particle detection in high-energy physics experiments at CERN PDF
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Additional resources for Mass growth of large PWO4 single crystals for particle detection in high-energy physics experiments at CERN
Example text
1 Effect on important parameters of PWO scintillation elements Reduces radiation hardness Reduces radiation hardness Reduces radiation hardness Impairs scintillation kinetics Impairs scintillation kinetics Reduces radiation hardness Impairs scintillation kinetics Impairs scintillation kinetics Increases radiation hardness Increases radiation hardness Impairs scintillation kinetics Impairs scintillation kinetics Impairs scintillation kinetics Reduces radiation hardness Increases plasticity of crystals [71] was preceded by the analysis of the effect of various impurities on the scintillation properties of the PWO crystals.
If the high-speed component is caused in all likelihood by thermal activation of (WO 3–WO 3) 2– centres, then the long component cannot be connected with thermally initiated recombination. 7 eV, and the longest activation time of these centres does not exceed 10 3 s. Therefore, in addition to thermal activation of the centres and subsequently combination of the resultant carriers, in the crystal there should also be other recombination processes caused by, for example, electron tunnelling. In the tunnelling effect, the electron should be realised as a result of its quantum-mechanics nature, with a certain probability of detection, at a relatively large distance from the electronic centre.
This parameter has a strong effect on the accuracy of determination of particle energy recorded using scintillation detectors working in the total absorption regime. It is expressed in percent of the radiation length unit. 25% X 0 for the second range. Scintillation kinetics Scintillation kinetics should satisfy the following criterion: the ratio of the light yield measured for the signal integration time of 100 and 1000 ns should be greater than 90%. 5% of the amplitude of the peak in irradiation with g-quanta with the energy from a Co 60 source at a counting rate of 1 MHz.
Mass growth of large PWO4 single crystals for particle detection in high-energy physics experiments at CERN by Aleksandr Nikolaevich Annenkov, Yurii Sergeevich Kuz'minov
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