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Additional resources for Memories. Molecules and Circuits

Example text

This form of amnesia, which is characterized by a loss of memory for recent events acquired prior to the onset of amnesia while more remote memories are preserved, is one of the major arguments for the existence of a consolidation process necessary for stable, long-term memory formation. It is now well established that the formation of declarative memory (memories for facts and events) involves changes in synaptic plasticity within the medial temporal lobe. However, our group and others have demonstrated that the hippocampus has only a time-limited role in long-term memory storage of certain types of information, such that extrahippocampal structures, namely cortical regions, eventually become capable of supporting the retrieval of remote memories independently.

Most often, amnesia extends back across a period of several years and, in some cases, even several decades. Both remote semantic memory for facts and remote episodic memory for autobiographical events appear to be spared, although some patients with hippocampal damage have been diagnosed as having difficulties in recollecting detailed episodes from their early life (Rosenbaum et al. 2000), possibly because of extensive damage outside the medial temporal lobe (Squire et al. 2004). Results from positron emission tomography (PET) and functional brain imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have proven to be controversial, in part because of technical difficulties in recording activity across subjects accurately and in designing appropriate comparative baseline control tasks aimed at isolating brain activity associated with non-mnemonic aspects of the testing procedure.

Nature Rev Neurosci 1:41–50 Eichenbaum H (2001) The long and winding road to memory consolidation. Nature Neurosci 4:1057–1058 Eichenbaum H (2004) Hippocampus: cognitive processes and neural representations that underlie declarative memory. Neuron 44:109–120 Fleischmann A, Hvalby O, Jensen V, Strekalova T, Zacher C, Layer LE, Kvello A, Reschke M, Spanagel R, Sprengel R, Wagner EF, Gass P (2003) Impaired long-term memory and NR2Atype NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in mice lacking c-Fos in the CNS.

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