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Additional resources for Phosphorus in the global environment : transfers, cycles, and management

Example text

Legislation by some countries on the application of animal manure to agricultural land will be presented. The effects of such policy interventions on P accumulation will be discussed in the context of economic considerations. P compartments and flows There are three main compartments in the agricultural P cycle, namely animals, soils and crops. In addition, two storage compartments, one for animal excreta and one for plant products, feeds and mineral supplements are used to obtain a comprehensive view of P flows inside, and into and out of the system (Figure 1).

Finally, some possible solutions will be discussed briefly. Current trends in food security and P management: a regional perspective In general, farmers make use of different P sources, namely mineral P fertilizers, soil P and organic P sources (organic matter, animal manure). From an economic point of view the different sources should be used efficiently to arrive at sustainable land use systems. Here, sustainability will be defined by three aspects: meeting the growing food demand, economic viability, and maintenance or enhancement of environmental quality.

Poor farmers prefer to apply fertilizer to individual plant hills after emergence to make sure that the fertilizer is not wasted if plant establishment is poor. Often farmers are not aware of the degree of soil erosion and the associated nutrient losses because particularly sheet erosion is a slow, almost invisible process. For this reason farmers tend to attribute declining soil fertility to changing weather conditions when the real causes of declining crop yields are soil erosion and nutrient depletion (Hailu and Runge-Metzger, 1993; Fujisaka, 1991).

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