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Sample text

Buried in the unconscious were the associations and connections which could make the patient’s past and childhood memories make sense. The psychoanalyst’s job, like the archaeologist’s (one of Freud’s favourite comparisons) was to enable the excavation. When Charcot began studying hysteria in the Salpêtrière in the 1880s, one of his explicit goals was to make the study of hysteria into a respected scientific endeavour. He brought to his efforts a passion for careful observation and classification, and he diagnosed his patients’ symptoms in detail.

But it also pointed towards a new idea – what if the doctor was really standing in for an earlier object of love or hate? What if the patient was, in therapy, acting out other relations? This idea became known as transference, and became key to Freud’s development of the psychoanalytic method. TRANSFERENCE Transference suggested that strong emotional, and particularly sexual, feelings – feelings of passionate love and hatred which were originally directed towards others – are transferred onto the doctor in the course of analysis.

We can picture this by looking at what Freud imagines happening with the happy, satisfied child nursing at the breast. Sucking at the breast is the first form of infantile erotic satisfaction that Freud identifies. Nursing, of course, is initially for nourishment, for the sake of self-preservation. But one of the key moves that psychoanalysis identifies is from the self-preservative instincts to the pleasure principle (see definition, p. 85), the idea that the primary aim of life is to get as much pleasure as possible: ‘The baby’s obstinate persistence in sucking gives evidence at an early stage of a need for satisfaction which, though it originates from and is instigated by the taking of nourishment, nevertheless strives to obtain pleasure independently of nourishment and for that reason may and should be termed sexual’ (Freud 1938: 385).

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