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Additional resources for Social learning and imitation

Sample text

The experiment already described of hiding candy under a certain book was repeated on a four-year-old child. When the candy was hidden under a distinctive red book in the middle of a row of black books, he learned to respond perfectly by the third trial. When the candy was hidden under a dark book in the middle of a long row of books of similar colour, he learned during the first few trials to select books in that general region, but thereafter failed to show improvement during the next ten trials.

But at the same time that the child is withdrawing from pain, he is also withdrawing from the sight of the radiator and is rewarded for doing this. Thus a tendency is established for visual cues to elicit withdrawal before his hand touches the radiator. The important fact about conditioning, or associative learning, is that the correct response is dominant in the hierarchy of responses to the unconditioned stimulus. Therefore, that stimulus causes the subject to make the correct response on the first trial.

The interlacing network of acquired drives appears to be based upon primary drives and rewards. It is one of the weaknesses of social science that neither the sociological conditions nor the psychological mechanisms for the 44 acquisition of these drives have as yet been satisfactorily determined. Without drives, either primary or acquired, the organism does not behave and hence does not learn. A dramatic example of the importance of drive may be drawn from the literature of experimental psychology.

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