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Sample text

If the beaker is lowered, helium flows along the surface film into the beaker; if the beaker is raised, its contents flow out along this film, as shown in Fig. 2. The speed of theliquid flow in the film is typically about 20 cm/sec. Other liquids, such as water, wet such surfaces as glass and form surface films, but their films move slowly because of viscosity. Helium is the only liquid that forms a rapidly moving film. This creeping surface film has a thickness of about 100 layers of helium atoms (300 Å).

Second sound, a property peculiar to superfluid helium, arises when the superfluid and normal components vibrate in opposite directions so that one of them becomes denser when the other becomes less dense. Since there is very little density change, there is very little pressure variation to measure; thus second sound is very difficult to detect. Its speed is much less than that of first sound. Second sound was predicted to exist, but several years passed without observing it. Eventually it was realized, as we can deduce from Fig.

Parallel to each other; and they form a stronger bar magnet. Iftheir spins are oppositely directed, antiparallel, in scientific terminology, then their magnetic properties cancel one another. Two bar magnets placed side by side would like best to have the south pole of one next to the north pole of the other because this is the state of lowest energy. Ordinary atoms, such as sodium, oxygen, sulphur, and chlorine, which are not in transition series in the periodic table (see Fig. 2), form chemical compounds in which all of their electrons are paired; hence the compounds are nonmagnetic.

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