By Kirsten Malmkjaer
ISBN-10: 0203874951
ISBN-13: 9780203874950
ISBN-10: 0415421047
ISBN-13: 9780415421041
ISBN-10: 0415424321
ISBN-13: 9780415424325
The Linguistics Encyclopedia is a single-volume Encyclopedia protecting all significant and subsidiary components of linguistics and utilized linguistics. The seventy 9 articles supply in-depth assurance of the subjects and sub-topics of the sector, largely cross-referenced so the reader can see how parts interrelate. together with a considerable creation which supplies a potted background of linguistics and proposals for extra interpreting, this is often an quintessential reference software for experts and non-specialists alike.
This new version includes ten thoroughly new articles, introducing new components like slang language and new technologies. Articles from the former variation have additionally been thoroughly updated.
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Additional info for The Routledge linguistics encyclopedia
Example text
Some species of songbirds show geographic variations in their songs, called regional dialects. In the Bay Area of California one can tell where a bird lives to within a few kilometres by listening to the song and identifying the dialect (Marler and Tamura 1964). Usually songs vary in relation to the distance, so birds located more closely to each other sound more alike and vice versa. Different species of birds reproduce the adult song with more or less accuracy, which also produces temporal dialects.
Note that the difference between [s] and sibilants is in the noise intensity; in the noise frequency between [s] and [ ∫ ]; and in the noise duration between [ ∫ ] and [t∫]. intensity and duration depending upon the location and manner of the oral constriction. In general, sibilants are stronger in noise intensity than non-sibilants ([f], [θ], [h] – [h] being the weakest); affricates have a shorter noise duration than fricatives; and [s] is higher in its frequency range than [ ∫ ]. See the schematic spectrograms in Figure 15.
The functionalists use words like ‘scientific’, individual’ and ‘cognitive’ less often than their generativist rivals, and words like ‘human’, ‘social’ and ‘relationship’ more frequently. For the time being, we must accept that there is no easy way in which the two approaches can be effectively unified into an integrated model, but eventually a synthesis will emerge since both sets of perceptions inhabit the same world. Rivalries between approaches should not be allowed to mask the fact that modern linguistics is not defined solely by its ‘mainstreams’ but also by its breadth of coverage.
The Routledge linguistics encyclopedia by Kirsten Malmkjaer
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