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Example text

1984, 90). 4 Employment trends also reflected the decline of textile and apparel manufacturing in the developed world, where jobs in textiles declined by 30 percent between 1973 and 1985 and employment in the clothing industry dropped by 18 percent. Meanwhile, developing countries almost doubled their share of worldwide employment in apparel manufacturing (Commission Economique et Monetaire 1977; Dickerson 1991, 118–119, 130). Tunisia was one of the earlier developing countries to profit from the outsourcing of lowwage industries thanks to the “1972 Law,” which offered incentives to export-oriented companies, most of which carried out assembly work for European firms.

Thus, when trade liberalization in the 1980s gave rise to a new class of small exporters in industries with low barriers to entry such as apparel assembly, these emergent exporters had the opportunity to mobilize politically. But successful collective action is founded on more than the possibility for mobilization. To act collectively, apparel exporters from diverse social origins first needed a shared class identity, or an awareness of common interests and a commitment to work together to pursue these interests.

In political economies where states ensure that capital is dispersed throughout the economy and across the export and domestic markets, further integration into the global economy and trade liberalization reinforces and expands the existing exporter class. 10 Relatedly, evenhanded state policies toward the two spheres of the 9 10 A well-known contemporary example is the imprisonment of the Russian oil tycoon Michael Khodorkovsky by the government of President Vladimir Putin, allegedly in response to Khodorkovsky’s political ambitions.

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