By M. J Lighthill
ISBN-10: 0898710146
ISBN-13: 9780898710144
Addresses exterior biofluiddynamics bearing on animal locomotion via surrounding fluid media - and inner biofluiddynamics pertaining to warmth and mass delivery by means of fluid circulate structures inside of an animal.
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On the diagram indicate positions of the trailing edge and of an anterior section of the fin at times r, 2r, 3r, . . after a certain instant (when they are at position number 0). The wave takes a time r (that is, onesixteenth of a period) to travel from the anterior section to the trailing edge, because that distance is taken as Vr, and so the numbers on the trailing-edge positions are the same as those on the anterior-section positions but increased by 1 in each case. A water slice which at time 5r (say) is anterior to the trailing edge by a distance UT, as shown, has been reached by the trailing edge (owing to the fish's forward motion with velocity U) at time 6r.
13. AQUATIC PROPULSION IN REPTILES From the point of view of aquatic propulsion, the descent of modern members of the class Reptilia from archaic tailed Amphibia is most obvious in the case of the order Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators), which use their deep, laterally compressed tails in an essentially carangiform mode of propulsion. The other reptile orders significantly represented to-day are the Squamata (snakes, lizards, and chameleons) and the Chelonia (tortoises and turtles), but before discussing these we may, perhaps, note the striking fact that the extinct marine reptile Ichthyosaurus, though descended from terrestrial ancestors, possessed a lunate tail, arranged much as in the Scombridae (Figure 6).
In fact, their pectoral fins have a 'diamond' planform of aspect-ratio about 4 (with the body along the shorter diagonal), and less than a wavelength of undulation is present at any one time, so that a motion not unlike that of Figure 7 is achieved (although with the added constant angle of attack less because lift needs to balance only the excess of weight over buoyancy, and with rather more curvature retained in the undulatory mode). A remarkable case of convergent evolution has brought one order of teleost fishes, the Heterosomata (see Table II; familar examples are plaice, HYDROMECHANICS OF AQUATIC ANIMAL PROPULSION 37 sole, halibut, turbot) into some crude similarity of external form and motion with their fellow bottom-livers the Raiidae (skates).
Mathematical Biofluiddynamics by M. J Lighthill
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