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Sample text

483, quoted in de Sousa 1971, p. ’ Here I do not employ any explicit procedure to arrive at the answer and I have no conscious awareness of how I get there. But still, I suggest, getting there involves personal activity on my part, though it is hard to say exactly what this activity is. (We would simply say that I was thinking, or trying to work out, what the component was. ) In claiming that some reasoning episodes are intentional, I am, of course, supposing that they have belief/desire explanations, and the reader may ask what the motivating beliefs and desires for a reasoning episode might be.

Besides, the fact that conscious reasoning depends on suppressed premises and background assumptions hardly tends to support the view that all reasoning is explicit – rather the opposite. If beliefs can influence our reasoning without being activated as occurrent thoughts, then why are any of them activated in that way? 13 So we have a tension. The folk are committed to the view that conscious reasoning is explicit, but are not committed to the view that non-conscious reasoning is. So they are not committed to the unity of processing assumption, and should be at least receptive to the idea that there are two strands or levels of reasoning – one conscious and explicit, the other non-conscious and perhaps involving non-explicit processes.

There are also theoretical reasons for believing that some kinds of thought involve natural language, and a powerful argument can be run for the view that conscious propositional thinking is language-based (Carruthers 1996b, 1998). But, of course, it is implausible to suppose that all thought involves natural language. It is hard to deny that animals and pre-linguistic infants can think, and there is no pre-theoretical reason to suppose that our non-conscious thoughts involve 11 Price makes these remarks in the course of outlining a view (‘the Occurrence Analysis’, as he calls it) which he does not himself fully share; but he gives every impression of endorsing them.

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