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Extra resources for Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste

Example text

Single cell recording (SCR) is needed to find cells sensitive to these components. Techniques similar to the EAG have been developed for vertebrates, such as fish, to give an electroolfactogram (EOG) (Hara 1994). These electrophysiological techniques only indicate sensitivity to a compound but not how the animal would behave in response. For example, males of the noctuid moth Helicoverpa zea have antennal sensory cells which detect a compound characteristic of the female sex pheromone of another, sympatric, species.

Bennett et al. 1997), pheromones could be important for birds. Most birds have a good sense of smell but we have been so attracted by bird songs and visual displays that the role of olfaction in reproduction and recognition behaviour has been little studied (see review in Roper 1999). All but a few species of bird have a uropygidial gland, at the base of the tail, which secretes lipids used in preening the feathers. The secretions differ between species. Darwin observed that sexually selected characters will be expressed differently in the sexes, at sexual maturity, and during the breeding season (Chapter 3).

For comprehensive information on the best current techniques in chemical ecology see Millar & Haynes (1998) and Haynes & Millar (1998). 1 Introduction Darwin proposed sexual selection to explain why the males of so many species have conspicuous bright colours or long tail feathers even though such extravagant features or behaviour might reduce survival by natural selection (Darwin 1874). He included chemical signals alongside visual and sound signals, describing the distinctive odours of breeding male crocodiles and many mammals, as well as male moths.

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