Download e-book for iPad: Reprogramming Japan: The High Tech Crisis under by Marie Anchordoguy

By Marie Anchordoguy

ISBN-10: 0801441870

ISBN-13: 9780801441875

How have kingdom regulations motivated the improvement of Japan’s telecommunications, desktop undefined, software program, and semiconductor industries and their stagnation because the Nineteen Nineties? Marie Anchordoguy’s e-book examines how the functionality of those industries and the economic climate as a complete are laid low with the socially embedded nature of Japan’s capitalist process, which she calls "communitarian capitalism." Reprogramming Japan indicates how the associations and regulations that emerged in the course of and after global warfare II to take care of communitarian norms, resembling the lifetime employment procedure, seniority-based wages, company unions, a centralized credit-based economic climate, business teams, the most financial institution company governance process, and business regulations, helped advertise excessive tech industries. whilst stipulations shifted within the Eighties and Nineteen Nineties, those associations and regulations didn't swimsuit the recent atmosphere, during which technological switch was once quick and unpredictable and overseas items might not be legally reverse-engineered. regardless of fiscal stagnation, leaders have been sluggish to alter as a result of deep social commitments. as soon as the challenge turned acute, the forms and company leaders began to contest and regulate key associations and practices. instead of switch at various instances in response to their particular financial pursuits, eastern corporations and the nation have made comparable sluggish, incremental alterations.

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Nakatani Iwao, 1 5 5 . 58. Gao, Japan's Economic Dilemma, 3 1-32; Hoshi, "The Economic Role," 285. 59· Masahiko Aoki, "Toward an Economic Model of the Japanese Firm," in Business Enter­ prise in Japan, ed. Imai and Komiya, 57. 60. Jackson, "Corporate Governance," 263-65. 50 Reprogramming Japan Norms and Institutions Contested Norms: Changes in Keiretsu Ties and the Main Bank Corporate Governance System In the 1 980s, when industrial groups and the main bank system became less beneficial to business, firms under severe pressure from investors gradually re­ shaped these institutions and their underlying norms to allow more capital mo­ bility, market-based transactions, and corporate accountability.

6! 6 percent of listed companies' shares in 1985. By 1 998, the figure had decreased to 14 percent; by 2000, it was down to 1 1 . 63 While strong economic pressures have weakened cross-shareholding ties, stable shareholding by friendly investors continues to hinder hostile takeovers. 64 Moreover, while the role of the main bank dimin­ ished in the 1980s as firms built up huge cash reserves and were allowed to issue bonds on international markets, main banks nevertheless felt obliged to bail out group firms when they became saddled with debt in the late 1990S.

The education system has long been regarded as a core institution through which Japanese values are protected. Before and during the war, it promoted Shinto and worship of the emperor. Since the war, it has promoted conformity 1 05 . Interview, Oct. 22, 1999. 106. Interview, Mar. 3 1 , 1994. 62 Reprogramming Japan and egalitarianism in ways that discourage the type of minds needed to make radical innovations and manage risky high technology firms. As firms became less competitive in the 1 990'S, citizens, businesses, and the state demanded edu­ cational reform.

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Reprogramming Japan: The High Tech Crisis under Communitarian Capitalism by Marie Anchordoguy


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