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Extra resources for Student Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong: Theory, Intervention and Research

Example text

Specifically, these factors include genetic and biological vulnerabilities, drug use as a coping mechanism as well as physical and mental health problems. ” These factors are shown in a revised model which is adopted with some revisions (like the name of the drug-dependent factor) and presented in Fig. 1. Psychological Theories Behaviorism builds its foundations in the laboratory of experimental psychology and is based on learning theory (Bandura 1977). All forms of behavior are conditioned, the results of learned responses to certain stimuli.

Genetic Predisposition According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), research evidence reveals that an individual’s genetic makeup is one of the major factors related to vulnerability to drug abuse (Comings 1996). While drug abuse is the result of a complex interplay of biochemical, psychological, social, and environmental factors, genetic variance plays an important role in the susceptibility of adolescents’ drug use and abuse. It is also claimed that the more severe the abuse, the greater the role of genetic factors (Crabbe 2002; Logan et al.

A sociological perspective often views drug use and abuse as the product of social conditions and relationships that cause despair, frustration, hopelessness, and general feelings of alienation in the most socially disadvantaged. Sociological theories, including anomie (a strong sense of strain among the socially disadvantaged causing the individual to abandon all attempts to reach conventional social goals), differential association (the existence of excessive deviant associations with drug abusers over nondeviant or prosocial associations), social control theory (the individual’s weak bond to society), subcultures and cultural deviance (subcultures not conducive to conventional types of achievement), and symbolic interactionism (societal reaction stigmatizing drug users thus causing a damaged self-image, deviant identity, and a host of negative social expectations), all provide plausible explanations.

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