The International Economy since 1945 by Sidney Pollard PDF

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Extra info for The International Economy since 1945

Example text

By 1975, it has been alleged, only 26 per cent of their direct foreign investment was made in the Third World. Immediately after the war, as was to be expected, it was the multinationals of American origin which expanded fastest: by 1966, there were nearly 9,000 American subsidiaries in western Europe alone. 3. By 1989, the hundred largest companies were employing 12 million people outside the borders of their home country. Japan, it will be seen, came low down the list: there were in fact several countries with more companies than Japan at the time, that have been omitted from the table.

A whole library of books has been written to account for the success of that oriental power in beating the west at its own game. Many works have been composed with the object of providing advice to others hoping to tread the same path. While we cannot follow these speculations, we can note some significant facts. In the early stages of her post-war recovery, Japan could draw on a large reserve of agricultural labour of low productivity, for whom a transfer into industry meant an immediate leap in the value of their output.

At the same time they may collaborate in consortia even in those two competitive industries. The actions of multinationals have been subjected to criticism on other grounds, too. In the industrialized countries, they are said to exercise control over employment without social or political responsibility: in times of depression they may pull out, leaving the social costs to be borne by others. They avoid taxes by manipulating the prices with which branches invoice each other so as to show profits only in the country with the lowest taxes.

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