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Additional resources for Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second Edition

Sample text

The origins of scales for quantifying temperature and temperature changes derive from human applications. Sanctorius in the early seventeenth century (see Cetas, 1985) developed an air thermometer and used it to measure oral and hand skin temperatures. There are now three temperature scales in common use; the practical working scales of Celsius (sometimes called centigrade) and Fahrenheit, and the theoretical absolute temperature (Kelvin) scale. g. g. ). The Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F) scales use two points.

Neuronal models There are a number of differing views about the structure of the human system of thermoregulation. ’ Both invoke the concept of a ‘set point’ and an action related to deviation from the ‘null’ position. Evidence is insufficient to decide between these two (or other) alternatives, however neuronal models have been hypothesized. 3. In the model, the input to the hypothalamus (central nervous system (CNS) control) is from skin and core thermosensors and the output is in terms of heat loss effectors (vasocontrol and sweating) and heat production effectors (metabolic heat).

Fanger (1970) provides a classic analysis of this type to satisfy one of his necessary (but not sufficient) conditions for thermal comfort. He uses the following heat balance equation: H−Edif−Esw−Eres−Cres=R+C, where H Edif Esw Eres Cres = = = = = metabolic heat production heat loss by vapour diffusion through skin heat loss by evaporation of sweat latent respiration heat loss dry respiration heat loss. Note that for ‘normal’ conditions heat exchange by conduction is often assumed to be negligible.

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