Gerald Berk's Louis D. Brandeis and the Making of Regulated Competition, PDF

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Extra info for Louis D. Brandeis and the Making of Regulated Competition, 1900-1932

Sample text

Rethinking Labor History: Essays on Discourse and Class Analysis (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 15–38. 41 To be sure, cultural narratives, like institutions, are contested and ­syncretic. They are devised from a repertoire of principles and ­symbols, which can be decomposed and recombined in unpredictable ways. Therefore, cultural narratives do not cause actions; they are the devices by which we communicate their meaning and alter our social sense of the possible. The history of regulated competition is full of examples of deliberation as cultural story telling, some more obvious than others.

In order to understand monopoly, it was necessary to reconceptualize competition. ” The more consumers accumulated a single commodity, he wrote, the less utility they derived from it. As a result, they continued to acquire additional units until the value of the last (or “marginal”) unit was equal to the marginal utility derived from it. Thus, in a perfectly competitive economy, traders exchanged goods until resources were allocated to their highest value. 5 Centralization, On the marginalist revolution in American economics, see James Livingston, “The Social Analysis of Economic History and Theory: Conjectures on Late-Nineteenth Century American Development,” The American Historical Review 92 (1987): 69–95; James Livingston, Pragmatism and the Political Economy of Cultural Revolution, 1850–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 53–59; John Bates Clark, The Distribution of Wealth (New York: Macmillan, 1899), 36–51; Ernesto Screpanti and Stefano Zamagni, An Outline of the History of Economic Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 147–49, 169; Craufurd D.

Brandeis and others knew through observation, however, that competition could be predatory or productive. Hence, a blanket rule against restraints of trade would undermine the many productive restraints business had learned to place on rivalry. Enforced competition, in other words, would have perverse outcomes. Similarly, Brandeis held that the progressives mistakenly reified the large-scale corporation as inevitable and efficient. In the absence of a policy that distinguished predatory from productive competition, however, no one really knew whether economic concentration was caused by efficiency or the desire for power.

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